Our Skin
What is the skin and how is it formed?
The skin is a complex structure that remains consistent throughout the body. It is made up of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each performing unique functions.
The thickness of the skin varies depending on its location. For example, the skin on the face or the backs of the hands is up to four times thinner than that on the thighs.
Epidermis
Protection and Immune Organ
Despite being very thin, the top layer of the skin (Latin: Epidermis) acts as the body's protective shield. The epidermis is the layer of skin visible to the eye. Its role is to protect the body from various external influences, including UV rays and harmful substances.
When intact, the epidermis prevents microorganisms, such as bacteria, from penetrating the body. It also stops the body from becoming dehydrated.
The cells of the epidermis constantly renew themselves, with a life cycle of about a month. After this period, they die and shed from the skin's surface.
Dermis
Network and Transport System
Directly below and connected to the epidermis is the dermis (Latin: Dermis). It is thicker than the upper layer of skin and is very strong, elastic, and resilient due to its collagen and elastin fibres.
Unlike the epidermis, this layer contains nerve cells, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. The dermis is primarily responsible for transmitting sensations of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and itching. The blood vessels in the dermis also regulate the skin's heat retention.
Types of Skin
Normal
Normal skin has a healthy and velvety texture, producing oil in adequate amounts, without excess shine or dryness. Generally, normal skin has small and barely visible pores.
Dry
Dry skin is characterised by excessive water loss, typically having barely visible pores, low luminosity, and being more prone to flaking and redness. It may also be more susceptible to the appearance of fine lines and cracks. Dry skin can be caused by genetic or hormonal factors, such as menopause and thyroid issues, as well as environmental conditions like cold, dry weather, wind, and ultraviolet radiation. Long, hot showers can provoke or contribute to skin dryness.
Oily
Oily skin appears shinier and thicker due to the higher-than-normal production of sebum. In addition to genetic inheritance, hormonal factors, excessive sun exposure, stress, and a diet high in fatty foods contribute to oily skin. Oily skin has enlarged pores and a higher tendency to develop acne, blackheads, and pimples.
Combination
Combination skin is the most common type. It appears oily with enlarged pores in the "T-zone" (forehead, nose, and chin), which may have acne, and dry on the cheeks and outer areas.
Hypodermis
The Skin's Fat Storage
The hypodermis (Latin: Subcutis) is mainly composed of adipose tissue, which stores energy, protects the body from the cold, and acts as a cushion. The thickness of this layer varies depending on the region of the body. Additionally, the hypodermis contains the roots of hairs, as well as the body's sebaceous and sweat glands.
Daily Skin Care
Hygiene
Skin hygiene is crucial for removing pollutants and infectious agents. Cleanse facial skin twice daily (morning and night) to prevent oil, makeup, and dirt build-up, which can block pores and cause blackheads, pimples, and premature aging. Use a soap suitable for your skin type, preferably liquid. Oily to combination skin benefits from astringent soaps, while dry and normal skin needs neutral pH liquid soaps, complemented with cleansing lotion or cream. Toners help remove any remaining oil, dirt, and makeup.
Hydration
Proper hydration maintains skin radiance, protective layer integrity, and prevents issues like flaking, dryness, premature aging, irritation, and infections. Use moisturisers appropriate for your skin type daily for both face and body. Oily skin needs oil-free, water-based products. Drink at least two litres of water daily and follow these hydration tips:
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Avoid excessive sun exposure.
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Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
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Limit the use of soaps, sponges, and very hot or prolonged showers.
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Avoid excessive exfoliation.
Sun Protection
UV radiation causes cumulative skin damage, including spots, freckles, blemishes, wrinkles, and cancer. Most skin cancers are linked to sun exposure. Protect yourself by seeking shade between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., using SPF 30 or higher sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and using sunglasses.
About Sunscreens (Photoprotectors)
Sunscreens prevent skin damage from sun exposure, such as cancer, premature aging, and sunburn. Ideal sunscreens offer broad-spectrum protection (UVA and UVB), are non-irritating, water-resistant, and don’t stain clothes. Physical sunscreens reflect UV radiation, while chemical ones absorb it and convert it to heat.
UVA and UVB Radiation
Effective sunscreens should protect against both UVA and UVB radiation. UVA causes photoaging and skin cancer, while UVB leads to sunburn and redness. Use SPF 30-50 for high UVB protection and look for PPD value or UVA protection rating on labels. Fair-skinned people should use at least SPF 15.